In the livestock sector, the spread of viruses and bacteria represents a significant threat to animal health, productivity and the quality of derived products. Infections caused by viral and bacterial pathogens can spread rapidly within livestock farms, with serious economic and health consequences, as well as potential risks to public health.

For example, Avian Influenza virus, Bovine Parainfluenza virus, Rotavirus and Coronavirus are widespread and undermine animal health, compromising growth, meat quality, milk production and reproductive efficiency. These viruses are transmitted mainly through direct contact between infected animals, but also through contaminated surfaces, tools, vehicles and workers.

Among the most common bacterial pathogens are Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus, and Mycoplasma, which can cause gastrointestinal, respiratory, and urinary tract infections. Among the most common problems in cattle herds, one of the most serious is mastitis, an infection of the udder caused mainly by bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Streptococcus agalactiae. Mastitis can be facilitated by inadequate milking practices or poor hygiene of equipment and surfaces, creating an environment favorable to bacterial proliferation.